The Concept of Obedience in Psychology

The Concept of Obedience in Psychology Theories Social Psychology Print The Concept of Obedience in Psychology By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on June 16, 2019 JGI/Jamie Grill/Getty Images More in Theories Social Psychology Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Obedience is a form of social influence that involves performing an action under the orders of an authority figure. It differs from compliance (which involves changing your behavior at the request of another person) and conformity (which involves altering your behavior in order to go along with the rest of the group). Instead, obedience involves altering your behavior because a figure of authority has told you to. How Obedience Differs From Conformity Obedience differs from conformity in three key ways:?? Obedience involves an order; conformity involves a request.Obedience involves following the order of someone with a higher status; conformity usually involves going along with people of equal status.Obedience relies on social power; conformity relies on the need to be socially accepted. Milgram’s Obedience Experiments During the 1950s, a psychologist Stanley Milgram became intrigued with the conformity experiments performed by Solomon Asch. Aschs work had demonstrated that people could easily be swayed to conform to group pressure, but Milgram wanted to see just how far people would be willing to go.?? The trial of Adolf Eichmann, who had planned and managed the mass deportation of Jews during World War II, helped spark Milgram’s interest in the topic of obedience.?? Throughout the trial, Eichmann suggested that he was simply following orders and that he felt no guilt for his role in the mass murders because he had only been doing what his superiors requested and that he had played no role in the decision to exterminate the captives. Milgram had set out to explore the question are Germans different? but he soon discovered that the majority of people are surprisingly obedient to authority.?? After the horrors of the Holocaust, some people, such as Eichmann, explained their participation in the atrocities by suggesting that they were just doing as they were commanded. Milgram wanted to knowâ€"would people really harm another person if they were ordered to by an authority figure? Just how powerful is the pressure to obey? Milgram’s studies involved placing participants in a room and directing them to deliver electrical shocks to a learner located in another room. Unbeknownst to the participant, the person supposedly receiving the shocks was actually in on the experiment and was merely acting out responses to imaginary shocks. Surprisingly, Milgram found that 65 percent of participants were willing to deliver the maximum level of shocks on the orders of the experimenter.?? Zimbardo’s Prison Experiment Milgram’s controversial experiments generated a great deal of interest in the psychology of obedience. During the early 1970s, social psychologist Philip Zimbardo staged an exploration into the study of prisoners and prison life. He set up a mock prison in the basement of the Stanford University psychology department and assigned his participants to play the roles of either prisoners or guards, with Zimbardo himself acting as the prison warden.?? The study had to be discontinued after a mere six days even though it was originally slated to last two weeks. Why did the researchers end the experiment so early? Because the participants had become so involved in their roles, with the guards utilizing authoritarian techniques to gain the obedience of the prisoners. In some cases, the guards even subjected the prisoners to psychological abuse, harassment, and physical torture. The results of the Stanford Prison Experiment are often used to demonstrate how easily people are influenced by characteristics of the roles and situations they are cast in, but Zimbardo also suggested that environmental factors play a role in how prone people are to obey authority.?? Obedience in Action Definition and Examples Milgrams experiments set the stage for future investigations into obedience, and the subject quickly became a hot topic within social psychology. But what exactly do psychologists mean when they talk about obedience? Some definitions, examples, and observations:?? Studies have been conducted with participants in other countries, with children, and with other procedural variations. The same basic result in consistently obtained: many people readily accept the influence of an authority, even when that means causing potential harm to another person. One interesting application of this concept has been to the nurse-physician relationship. Several studies have shown that nurses will often carry out the orders of a physician even when there is a good reason to believe that potential harm could come to the patient. (Breckler, Olson, Wiggins, 2006)Other researchers have since replicated Milgrams findings. High school students were found to be even more willing to obey orders. Cross-cultural research in other Western cultures has also yielded high rates of obedience using Milgrams procedure. Unfortunately, it seems as though Milgrams results were not flukes. (Pastorino Doyle-Portillo, 2013)Are conformity and obedience unique to American culture? By n o means. The Asch and Milgram experiments have been repeated in many societies, where they have yielded results roughly similar to those seen in the United States. Thus the phenomena of conformity and obedience seem to transcend culture... Many of the studies have reported even higher obedience rates than those seen in Milgrams American samples. For example, obedience rates of over 80% have been reported for samples from Italy, Germany, Austria, Spain, and Holland. (Weiten, 2010)

Tattoos a Permanent Mark on Pop Culture Essay - 6526 Words

The word tattoo comes from the Tahitian tatu which means to mark something. It is arguably claimed that tattooing has existed since 12,000 years BC. The purpose of tattooing has varied from culture to culture and its place on the time line. But there are similarities that prevail form the earliest known tattoos to those being performed on people around the world today. Tattoos have always had an important role in ritual and tradition. In Borneo, women tattooed symbols on their forearm indicating their particular skill. If a woman wore a symbol indicating she was a skilled weaver, her status as prime marriageable material was increased. Tattoos around the wrist and fingers were believed to ward away illness.†¦show more content†¦1 The tattooed in the western world today include many people from various walks of life including doctors, skateboarders, artists and teachers, punks and bus drivers, lawyers,bikers, convicts, mothers, fathers, grandparents, gang members, professors, students, street performers and even dentists. Tattoos today seem to cross all boundaries, cultural, political and socio-economic. The act of tattooing, one of but many forms of intentional body modification, has been enveloped by the mainstream into the popular culture of the new millennium. Tattoos have become contemporary symbols of western identity and individualism. 1Atkinson, Michael. Tattooed: The Sociogenesis of a Body Art. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2003. As elements of mainstream, consumer culture, tattoos today have essentially become fashionable art. Those that tattoo are ‘tattoo artists; those that get tattooed bear ‘skin art. This has not always been the case. The introduction of tattoos into popular culture has been a very recent phenomenon. Tattoos were once the exclusive domain of sailors, bikers, convicts and punks, and were considered, through the eyes of the mainstream, a deviant behaviour, a low culture. In fact, tattoos for most of the twentieth century in North America existed solely at the sub- cultural level WhenShow MoreRelatedTattoos Of Ancient Egyptian Women Essay1687 Words   |  7 PagesOne in every five Americans have a tattoo. It is no longer surprising to see people with markings on their bodies. Many believed it is a form of self-expression. Even though some cultures or religions view tattoos as a negative thing, that does not stop people from getting them. To have a better understanding about tattoos we must go back and trace how it all began. From the tools, they used to the ink, it is incredible how tattooing has evolved over the years. Tattoos have been

Research On Piaget s Stage Theory - 1388 Words

Research on Piaget’s Stage Theory In a study by Bruce and Muhammad (2009), the specific focus was evaluating prior research done that have aimed for a better understanding in Piaget’s sensorimotor developmental stage (birth-2 years), regarding children who suffer from autism, blindness, intellectual, and physical disabilities. As stated above, object permanence is the primary focus in this stage and it is seen as a foundational skill to master when moving towards the next stages. In each stages, object permanence becomes a necessary skill to learn, specifically when a child is developing their mental representation ability. Moreover, prior research has shown that learning cognitive skills is strongly associated with being able to gain learning communication. Although children with these types of disabilities have a difficult time achieving object permanence, they are able to understand the concept within a longer period of time and in a similar way as other children. S ystematic, instructional assessments such as, visual attention, frequent reminder of procedures, repeating the names of the objects, and reinforcing each assessment has shown to be successful in obtaining object permanence for children with disabilities. Bruce and Muhammad (2009) go on to explain that children with severe intellectual disabilities and blindness take longer to develop object permanence. However, children with autism develop this skill relatively effortless unlike other sensorimotor abilities.Show MoreRelatedOutline the main similarities and differences between Piaget‚Äà ´s and Vygotsky‚Äà ´s explanations for cognitive development in children1702 Words   |  7 Pageschildren. Piaget and Vygotsky were both, looking into the same period of cognitive development in infants and children and sharing the same basic concerns. 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He felt that as a child develops and always interacts with the world around him, knowledge was established. ThroughRead MoreDiscuss Piagets theory of cognitive development1235 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Discuss Piaget’s theory of Cognitive Development Cognitive Development can be defined as the development of thought processes. This includes thinking, concept understanding, problem solving, and decision making and remembering from childhood on to adulthood. There are two theories of Cognitive development that offer us two different ways of understanding it. The first is called Domain general. This theory states that one line of development determines all of the changes in a child’sRead MoreJean Piagets Theory1170 Words   |  5 Pagesthat of Jean Piaget and his theories on the cognitive development stages. Jean Piaget was born in Neuchatel, Switzerland, where he studied at the university and received a doctorate in biology at the age of 22. 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Piaget is best known for organizing cognitive development into a series of stages- the levels of development corresponding too infancy, childhoodRead MoreThe Stages Of The Stage Essay1351 Words   |  6 Pages The second stage in is called the Preoperational stage this stage varies from the ages of two to seven. In this stage children are able to think symbolically (site WebMD), for example, their language becomes more advanced and sophisticated. This is also the stage where they begin to play make believe and development their cognitive memory, sadly their thoughts are not really logical but are mainly based on instinct. Advanced concepts are still pretty hard for them to grasp such as time, or beingRead MoreJean Piaget And Lawrence Kohlberg892 Words   |  4 PagesAs you aged, did you ever notice that your understanding of right and wrong principles changed? According to psychologists Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg it should have. 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What it is like to be young and a teenager! Free Essays

From when you turn from twelve to thirteen you have become a teenager; you have rights and responsibilities now!! At the age of a teenager you might think the whole world is in front of you, which it is, but there are big demands. When I became one I thought wow, I am a teenager, but now after being one for 3 and a bit years I am starting to realise that it isn’t so great after all. I have heard that your teenage years are supposed to be some of the best years of your life, is that so? At the age of thirteen I have left primary school and have now faced the big girls and boys at high school. We will write a custom essay sample on What it is like to be young and a teenager! or any similar topic only for you Order Now Two years passed and the work rate increased. In year nine the first of many challenges has started, your Key Stage 3 SAT’s, at this time you think its ages until I sit in this same sports hall and do your real GCSE’s which for some people, will be the start of a completely new chapter in the life of a teenager. So far in being a teenager all that has happened is a lot of work, but there are some privileges of being a teenager at the age of sixteen you have the right to go out and buy a packet of cigarettes legally, you are also able to have sex and even have and raise a baby, but it is not till you are eighteen that you are allowed to have a credit card, or buy alcohol legally. Are these good privileges? Or not? Just before you take the GCSE tests you have to decide what you want to do. The decision is your own and the correct one needs to be made, the pressures are now starting to become apparent and it can be a stressful time for some that feel that they have to perform well. There are others who are thinking if only I had listened that little bit or a lot extra in class instead of messing around or talking with friends, and of course there are the people who go into the hall and think I have nothing to lose I don’t need many passes, because what I want to be you don’t need grades and all I can do is my best. The pressure at this stage are not just on the pupils, the teachers may sometimes be as nervous, and they may be thinking did I teach the write things and did we revise the correct thing which will come up. These are all things to do with school, but you do usually spend 32 hours and 55 minutes in the place. At these ages peer pressure can become a big part of someone’s life the things that stick in your head could be â€Å"Everyone’s doing it†, â€Å"Its only one†, â€Å"Your such a loser†, â€Å"Chicken† and no one at this age wants to be left out and on there own. Is this really what being a teenager is like? So maybe being young isn’t as good as it sounds!! How to cite What it is like to be young and a teenager!, Papers

Investigatory proj free essay sample

The researchers thought of using eggshell, styrofoam and gasoline as a sealant. To make the sealant, the researchers put the styrofoam in the gasoline and melted it by stirring the gasoline. After stirring, the pounded eggshell was mixed. The researchers conducted four experiments. The commercialized sealant and the eggshell sealant were observed in it’s durability, sealing ability, physical appearance and insolubility. The researchers observed the results and discovered that if the hole in the roof was lesser in diameter, it was durable and if the diameter was greater, the sealant was less durable. The researchers considered the time it took to dry. D. Introduction Today, rain is a big deal to everyone. If there are news that rain is coming soon, everyone often think that it is a new problem to be encountered. It maybe can cause landslides, floods or even can make everyone worried because of the holes in their roofs. We will write a custom essay sample on Investigatory proj or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In order to solve one of those problems, the researchers investigated about the eggshells with styrofoam and gasoline as a substitute to commercial sealant. The researchers came up with this problem because as the researchers observe in their houses now, plenty of their roofs had holes. Instead of buying commercial sealant, anyone can just recycle their styrofoam, eggshells and make it a sealant. The making of this substitute sealant can give a big benefit to the community especially the people who can’t afford to buy the commercialized sealant. It will also give a great for the school whenever there are styrofoams that will not be used. The school does not need to worry of what to do. It will also serve as a great help to the next generation of researchers whenever the next researchers would want to make a sealant. The next researchers could get ideas of this project so that it will be more effective ad be very easy to make. This study is only limited in the Styrofoam because styrofoam can be melted by the gasoline. People cannot just use any plastic material instead of Styrofoam because it can be melted by the gasoline. That’s why the researchers used Styrofoam. E. Review of Related Literature ?Can bonaw shells be an effective additive in preparing sealant? † This was the problem the researchers had found which was related to the researchers’ study. Katrina Loisse Cabugnason and Cocon Rusiana, the proponents of this study. The researchers conducted a study that bonaw shells(Callista erycina ) can be an effective additive in preparing sealant, which is cheap and easy to make. In testing the effectiveness of the sealant, two experiments were conducted. A commercialized sealant and the bonaw shell sealant were compared in terms of sealing ability and rate of time it took to dry up. The result showed that sealant from bonaw shell is as effective as the commercialized one. The researchers and the proponents of this study differ in shells that were used. The researchers used the eggshell while the proponents of this study used the bonaw shells. F. Procedure This research uses the following materials: Eggshells Cup with gasoline (250 ml) Styrofoam 1 empty sealed bottle (glass) 1 empty cup The researchers gathered their eggshells and styrofoam by asking from their relatives, friends, etc. They bought the gasoline that they use in the Gasoline Station. The researchers had the following steps: Gather the eggshells, styrofoam and the cup of gasoline. Pound the eggshells and put it in a cup. Dissolve the styrofoam to the cup of gasoline and stir it well. Mix the pounded eggshells to the cup of gasoline with styrofoam. Put the finish product in a glass. G. Results and Discussions Table 1 Durability of the sealant SEALANT DIAMETER AFTER 1 hr. AFTER 3 hrs. AFTER 5 hrs. Eggshell with sealant 0. 25 cm durable durable durable Commercialized sealant 0. 25 cm durable durable durable The Table 1 shows that in 0. 25 cm, eggshell and commercialized sealant are durable after 1,3 to 5 hrs. Table 2 Sealing Ability Kind of Sealant RESULT Eggshell sealant No leakage Commercialized sealant No leakage The Table 2 shows that the sealing ability of the commercialized sealant has no leakage as well as the eggshell sealant. Table 3 Physical Appearance (color and texture) KIND OF SEALANT COLOR TEXTURE Eggshell sealant pinkish with dotted white rough Commercialized sealant gray smooth The Table 3 shows the color of the eggshell sealant is pinkish with dotted white; it’s texture is rough while the eggshell sealant is gray and it’s texture is smooth. Table 4 Insolubility of each sealant KIND OF SEALANT Eggshell sealant insoluble Commercialized sealant insoluble The Table 4 shows that the eggshell and commercialized sealant are both insoluble when soaked in water for 45 mins. H. Conclusion The sealant made from eggshells is durable after 1,3 to 5 hrs. ,when applied in hole with 0. 25cm in diameter. It has a sealing ability with no leakage, pinkish with dotted white in color and rough in texture. It is insoluble when soaked in a water for 45 mins.. The commercialized sealant is durable after 1,3 to 5 hrs. when applied in hole with 0. 25 cm in  diameter. It has sealing ability with no leakage, gray in color and smooth in texture. It is insoluble when soaked in water for 45 mins.. Therefore the researchers concluded that the eggshells with Styrofoam and gasoline can be substitute to commercial sealant which makes the first affirmative hypothesis to be accepted. I. Recommendation The researchers recommended this project to the next generation of researchers as a guide and for the betterment of the project. The researchers also recommend the next researchers to conduct further experiment to improve the product.

The Human Paradox Essays - Psychiatric Diagnosis, Mood Disorders

The Human Paradox Essays - Psychiatric Diagnosis, Mood Disorders The Human Paradox Human Inconsistency: Dostoevsky's Notes From Underground Prof. Qasim Ghazanfar ENG215-OBC Gillorie Myrthil Thesis: Dostoevsky's manic and depressive episodes aided in his ability to properly illustrate the workings of the human mind, through his writing. Outline: I. Introduction II. What is Manic Depression and Depression? III. Other Writers with Mental Illnesses IV. Dostoevsky's Life V. Analysis of Notes VI. Conclusion Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky, author of several acclaimed books-including Notes From Underground-a semi-autobiographical story, introduced a new form of writing, stream-of-consciousness, to Russia and Europe. Soon, this form of writing that would become the mark of the Existentialist, spread to the America's. Interestingly enough, the stream-of-consciousness that manifested itself in his writing was actually the product of a mood disorder, which can be characterized by intensely emotional thoughts. Caught in a rift of contrasting thoughts, the Manic-Depressive-commonly endowed with superior artistic abilities, can be very insightful to the ways of man. Manic-depression can clinically be defined as a mood disorder with two contrasting states: mania and depression. There must be an occurrence of one or more Manic or Mixed episodes and often, the individual has also had one or more Major Depressive episodes in the past. In Manic-Depressive disorder, also known as Bipolar disorder, the manic and depressive episodes recur in varying degrees of intensity. The DSM-IV describes Manic and Depressive episodes as: The essential feature is a distinct period when the predominant mood is either elevated, expansive or irritable, and when there are associated symptoms of the manic syndrome. These symptoms include hyperactivity, pressure of speech, flight of ideas, inflated self-esteem, decreased need for sleep, distractibility, and excessive involvement in activities that have a high potential for painful consequences, which are not recognized. The manual describes depressive episodes as: The essential feature is either a dysphoric mood, usually depression, or loss of interest or pleasure in most usual activities and pass-times. This disturbance is prominent, relatively persistent, and associated with other symptoms of the depressive syndrome. These symptoms include appetite disturbance, change in weight, sleep disturbance, psychomotor agitation or retardation, decreased energy, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, difficulty concentrating or thinking, and thoughts of death or suicide, or suicidal attempts. Manic Depression is also due to a biochemical imbalance in the brain. These biochemical reactions include the increasing and decreasing of intra- and extracellular sodium, chloride, and potassium (Beck 65). The inclining and declining of these functions support the contrasting manic and depressive moods. The spirit of genius no free-floating, absolute power, but is strictly bound to the laws of biochemistry and the endocrine glands. This again credits the idea that manic-depression can stimulate artistry. Though it is difficult to prove Manic-Depressive disorder among those who have passed away, the occurrence of this behavior and has been traced through letters written to friends and family, and personal accounts. Creative people, such as Keats, Woolf, and Dostoevsky, have been named among those who had this illness. Keats's notes and letters were evidence of his violent mood swings; his surgery lecture notes, embellished with many impromptu sketches in the margins were evidence of his wide-ranging interests, and also of his mercurial nature. Woolf became violent and delusional in her manic episodes, and when she was in a depressive state, she barely spoke or ate, and attempted suicide. Born in the hospital for the poor, Dostoevsky was the second of seven children. He led a happy and peaceful childhood where he held particular warm feelings towards his family. It is not abnormal for one with the Manic-depressive syndrome to live a life of normalcy that is, of course, until an element of unpleasantry enters his life (Ostow 82). His father, murdered by his own serfs, had a hot tempered and irritable state of mind. His mother, described as tender and sensitive with a literary and musical talent, died when Fyodor was fifteen-years-old. After graduating from St. Petersburg's Academy of Military Engineers as lieutenant, he was assigned to a military department. Dostoevsky worked there for one year before he realized that working in a department gave him no satisfaction, and that he wanted to write and work as an author. Later, he became acquainted with the utopian socialist group, for which he seemed to have become strongman. This association got him four years in Siberian prison. After a four-year stay at the

Tips for Writing Dialogue

Tips for Writing Dialogue Skillfully written dialogue will grab readers and pull them right into a story. The trick is to make it sound realistic. There are many tips for writing dialogue but everyone will find that they have their own special spin to put on this. After all, everyone has his or her own style of voice when speaking, likewise when in writing. However, there are some basic tips for writing dialogue to keep in mind next time you’re writing a story. One of the best tips for writing dialogue is to use it as a way of defining your characters. This builds a much more realistic image of your characters in the reader’s minds when they can actually â€Å"hear† how they speak. Some people are short and succinct in their speaking while others love to use eloquent and flowery words. Still others may speak with a heavy foreign accent or a very southern drawl. If you can convey this in your dialogue, naturally, then you’ll have the readers hooked. Some of the tips for writing dialogue are to make sure the dialogue is believable. The reader has to actually feel as if these characters could really be speaking. This has to be one of the most important tips for writing dialogue that you’ll need to remember. It needs to imitate what one would normally hear in the speech patterns that are all around us every day. Think about how much quicker a book will pull you along when you are reading a dialogue between the characters. It creates action and speeds up the storyline. Some of the best tips for writing dialogue include thinking of how best to hook the reader. Use action words in their speech towards each other. Make it exciting so that the reader wants to keep reading. Readers don’t really want to hear the characters saying â€Å"Ok, I’m going to the grocery store now.† Dialogue needs to be exciting, action packed or perhaps even funny. Show the reader what’s happening through dialogue rather than using boring narration. Have the characters talk about where they are going, what they are feeling, seeing or thinking through dialogue. This is one of the best tips for writing dialogue that you can keep in mind. By doing this you’re letting the reader form the pictures in their minds while being entertained. The readers enjoy figuring things out. By reading good dialogue, they can. This is much more entertaining for the reader than having everything described to them in narrative style. Use dialogue to describe previous events instead of relying on flashbacks or other cliche writing tools. This shows the readers what happened in the past that led the character to this point in the story without getting into boring narrative detail. By doing so, this accomplishes two things; first is that the readers can hear about the past event the way the character sees it and second, one gets a feel of how the character feels about what’s happened in the past. More good tips for writing dialogue would be being able to use dialogue in such a way to build tension in the plot. By using certain words and inflections, the tempo of the story line can be increased in a dramatic way. Use these tips for writing dialogue to create a great story that flows and ebbs with emotion and action. The reader needs to be able to completely lose themselves in the dialogue between characters. If one can accomplish this then you’ve grasped the important tips for writing dialogue in such a way that you have what it takes to be a successful writer.